“Brief Note” Series

Pei-Shing B. Wang of PSWLaw Featured in World Journal

Our lawyer, Pei-Shing B. Wang 王沛翔律師, was featured in today’s World Journal, a leading commercial newspaper in the Chinese community. Following is a translation of the article:

A York University graduate who is now a practising lawyer, Pei-Shing Wang reminds individuals who would like to become lawyers that in recent years law schools have been emphasizing oral advocacy. Effective presentation skills and English fluency are both important for those who wish to become lawyers.

After one year of senior high school [in Taiwan], Pei-Shing Wang moved to Vancouver to complete his secondary school diploma in 1999. Thereafter he studied commerce at the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto and law at Osgoode Hall Law School at York University.

Looking back, Pei-Shing Wang considers his first year of law school very challenging. “The Latin and the legal technical language were very difficult,” said Wang. To become familiar with legal writing, he relied on frequent review of the texts and diligent note taking.

When Wang first arrived at law school, he faced the vast difference between the continental [Taiwanese] law system and the common law system. He managed to let go of concepts not applicable to the common law so he could start again with an open mind, as if learning a second language.

After graduation from law school, lawyer candidates must pass the bar exam and article for 10 months before they are licensed. During the licensing process, the candidates must also demonstrate that they are of good character. No serious run-ins with the law are permitted.

Wang pointed out that visible minorities face additional challenges if they wish to article in major firms. The keys to securing an articling position in a major firm are good grades and fluent English.

According to Wang, an articling position in a major firm pays about $60,000 a year. Once he or she is licensed, the salary doubles or triples.

Although gaining admission to law school is difficult in itself, once the student is there he or she finds that studying law is no easy task. Fortunately, Wang was interested in studying precedents. “If you study law for money,” he said, “you will get bored easily.”

Regarding the tuition fees of $16,000 per year, Wang relied on student loans and scholarships. He recalled that although the lectures took up only about 10 hours per week, the time required to study the materials amounted to five times that much. In his second year, he chose family law, a field that members of the public can relate to. In his third year, he finished his major paper of approximately 10,000 words.

Wang reminds new immigrants that Canadian law may differ greatly from that of their native country. Newcomers to Canada are encouraged to observe the local law. For example, having an extra-marital affair would be grounds for divorce in Canada but not generally considered illegal. In Taiwan, on the other hand, adultery may be considered a crime.

Also, acceptable parenting styles may be quite different from those in immigrants’ native countries. In Canada, if parents still see their children as property and treat them as such, the authorities may become involved. Wang believes that parents should speak to their children when they misbehave.

Click on the image to view the actual file.

A Brief Note on S. 7 Special or Extraordinary Expenses under the Child Support Guidelines

Under the Child Support Guidelines,* the court may award additional child support payable for expenses not covered under the table amount. Among practitioners, the additional support payable is often referred to as “section 7 expenses,” while the regulation refers to it as “extraordinary or special expenses.” For the purposes of this article, we will call the additional support payable an “add-on.”

Under the Guidelines, the court may award add-ons upon the request of a parent. Typically, the add-ons may include the following:

  • daycare expenses
  • dental or medical insurance premiums attributable to the child
  • health-related expenses exceeding $100 after insurance reimbursement
  • extraordinary expenses of educational programs that meet the child’s best interests
  • post-secondary education
  • extraordinary expenses of extracurricular programs

In deciding the appropriate amount payable, the court must consider the necessity and the reasonableness of the expenses incurred, the best interests of the child, the means of the parents, and the spending pattern during cohabitation or marriage.

Since the Guidelines came into force, there have been disputes over what constitutes an “extraordinary expense.” Do swimming lessons count? What about training for the Olympics for competitive swimming?

To clear things up, the regulation was amended to include the definition of “extraordinary expenses.” To be qualified as an extraordinary expense under the Guidelines, an expense must exceed what the parent requesting the add-on can reasonably cover.

In the alternative, the court may consider the expenses extraordinary after taking the following factors into consideration:

  1. the amount in relation to the income of the parent requesting the add-on,
  2. the nature and the number of the educational or extracurricular activities,
  3. the special needs or talent of the child,
  4. the overall cost of the program, and
  5. any other factor that the court considers relevant.

The expenses are shared by the parents in proportion to their income, rather than split down the middle fifty-fifty.

*O. Reg. 391/97, s. 7

This blog is provided for your reference only and is not a substitute for the law. The law may have changed since the publication of this article. This article is not legal advice and should not be regarded as such.

A Brief Note on the HST and Exporting Professional Services to Non-Residents Not Present in Canada

The rules of HST on exported services (particularly advisory, consulting and professional services, including legal services) provided to non-residents not present in Canada are difficult to understand and often quite confusing.

Exported advisory, consulting and professional services will qualify for zero-rated HST as long as they are not specifically excluded under the law. A professional service refers to a service provided by an individual whose vocation or occupation requires special, usually advanced, education and skills.

For example, if a law firm provides services to a non-resident to assist the client to become a resident, the services will not be subject to the HST until the client has become a resident under the Excise Tax Act.

However, if the law firm starts acting as an agent of the client to purchase real property in Canada, the services rendered while as an agent would likely not be zero-rated as they go beyond the scope of “advisory, consulting, and professional services.”

Of course, the zero-rated HST is subject to numerous exclusions to this rule. For lawyers, perhaps the exclusion relating to litigation services is of most interest.

A service to an individual in connection with criminal, civil or administrative litigation in Canada, other than a service rendered before the commencement of such litigation (e.g., pre-litigation cost-benefit analysis), will be HST-applicable.

Other examples include:

  • a service in respect of real property situated in Canada and a service in respect of tangible personal property that is situated in Canada at the time the service is performed; and
  • a service of acting as an agent of the non-resident person or of arranging for, procuring or soliciting orders for supplies by or to the person, effective for supplies made on or after April 24, 1996.

*Source: Canada Revenue Agency, GST/HST Memoranda Series, 4.5.3 Exports – Services and Intellectual Property. <http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/E/pub/gm/4-5-3/4-5-3-e.html> accessed June 6, 2011

Disclaimer

 

The information in this blog/memorandum does not replace the law found in the Excise Tax Act and its Regulations. It is provided for your reference. As it may not completely address your particular operation, you may wish to refer to the Act or appropriate Regulation, or contact a Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) GST/HST Rulings Centre for more information. These centres are listed in GST/HST Memorandum 1.2, Canada Revenue Agency GST/HST Rulings Centres. If you wish to make a technical enquiry on the GST/HST by telephone, please call the toll-free number 1-800-959-8287.
The law may have changed since the publication of this article.


A Brief Note on Adultery in Divorce and Family Law

People are often misinformed about the true nature of adultery in family law. This is understandable. Information on the subject that is presented in TV dramas or the movies is rarely technically correct.

It’s important to understand that in family law adultery isn’t the same as “cheating.” While the definition of “cheating” is often subject to one’s moral latitude, the legal definition of adultery is not. For example, while having a sexually explicit conversation with another may be considered cheating by many, legally speaking, something more is required to establish adultery.

To establish adultery, no sex tape is required. Admission of an affair by the guilty spouse (or the third party) will likely suffice.* However, at the same time, evidence that amounts to a mere suspicion of your spouse having an affair (e.g., an unexplained lipstick stain on your husband’s shirt or a napkin with a phone number written on it) isn’t enough. The court must be convinced that on the balance of probabilities adultery has been committed.^

Interestingly, in the practice of family law, divorce claims on the ground of adultery are not all that common because adultery is only one of the three grounds for determining the breakdown of a marriage, the others being “cruelty” and “living separate and apart for at least one year.”

In many cases, separation is triggered by the discovery of an extramarital affair. However, by the time the parties are ready to deal with a divorce, they will likely have already been living separate and apart for one year. Therefore a claim of adultery will be unnecessary.

When confronted with a choice of claiming adultery or simply living separate and apart as the basis for divorce, I generally encourage my clients to choose the latter because it’s cheaper, less likely to be contested, and saves the parties from reliving difficult past events.

*see e.g., d’Entremont v. d’Entremont (1992), 44 R.F.L. (3d) 224 (N.S.C.A.)

^see e.g., George v. George, [1950] O.R. 787 (C.A.)

This blog is provided for your reference only and is not a substitute for the law. The law may have changed since the publication of this article. This article is not legal advice and should not be regarded as such.

A Further Note on Living Separate and Apart (according to the Ontario Court of Appeal)

It is true that every marriage is different. Spouses can live apart while under the same roof, and they can cohabit even if they live in separate locations. Today I’d like to elaborate on what it means to live “separate and apart” for the purposes of getting a divorce.

In Greaves v. Greaves,* the parties disputed the date of separation in a contested divorce proceeding. The wife moved out of the matrimonial home into a shelter and subsequently found housing with her two teenage sons. However, after a year or two, husband and wife resumed contact and then later a sexual relationship. She started sleeping over at the house and left clothing there.

In determining whether the parties were living apart or not, the learned judge followed Oswell v. Oswell,^ a decision by the Ontario Court of Appeal. The court looked at various objective factors, including the following:

  1. there must be a physical separation…  Just because a spouse remains in the same house for reasons of economic necessity does not mean that they are not living separate and apart;
  2. there must also be a withdrawal by one or both spouses from the matrimonial obligation with the intent of destroying the matrimonial consortium, or of repudiating the marital relationship;
  3. the absence of sexual relations is not conclusive but is a factor to be considered;
  4. other matters to be considered are the discussion of family problems and communication between the spouses; presence or absence of joint social activities; the meal pattern.
  5. although the performance of household tasks is also a factor… weight should be given to those matters which are peculiar to the husband and wife relationship outlined above.
  6. The court must have regard to the true intent of a spouse as opposed to a spouse’s stated intent… [a]n additional consideration… in determining the true intent of a spouse as opposed to that spouse’s stated intentions is the method in which the spouse has filed income tax returns.

After careful deliberation, the judge held that the relationship resembled a long-standing affair more than a marriage. The wife’s refusal to return home despite her husband’s pleas is indicative of an intention not to truly reconcile and resume the marriage.

*(2004), 4 R.F.L. (6th) 1, 2004 CanLII 2548(Ont. S.C.J.)

^(1990), 74 O.R. (2d) 15 (H.C.J.), aff’d (1992), 12 (O.R.) 3d 95 (C.A.)

This blog is provided for your reference only and is not a substitute for the law. The law may have changed since the publication of this article. This article is not legal advice and should not be regarded as such.

A Brief Note on Uncontested Trials in Family Law

In a family law proceeding, what happens if the other side (usually referred to as the respondent) doesn’t show up at the scheduled court appearances and doesn’t file anything?

Under the Family Law Rules a respondent has 30 days to serve and file an answer and other required documents if the respondent is served in Canada or the U.S., and 60 days if served outside. (Except for adoption cases, which have a different timeline.)

If the respondent obtains a lawyer but the lawyer cannot meet the deadline, an extension may sometimes be granted.

However, if the respondent makes no indication of his or her intention to contest the matter and doesn’t show up at the scheduled appearances, the applicant may request that an uncontested trial be scheduled.

An uncontested trial takes place in the absence of the respondent. But the final judgment at the end of an uncontested trial is still enforceable against the respondent.

Keep in mind that at an uncontested trial the applicant still needs to prove his or her case, as in any other trial. The evidence in an uncontested trial is typically presented in the form of affidavits. However, the court may still direct that oral evidence be given.

Please note that the law may have changed since the publication of this article. This blog is provided for your reference only and is not a substitute for the law. This article is not legal advice and should not be regarded as such.

A Brief Note on Financial Disclosure in Family Law

Financial disclosure is vital in family law cases. Claims of support and property division cannot be adjudicated without everyone involved (including the lawyers and the judge) knowing who owns what and who earns how much.

For salaried employees with liquid assets, producing the required financial disclosure may be not so difficult. For this group income can be determined through T4s, while the value of liquid assets can be readily assessed by statements provided by the financial institutions. With respect to the matrimonial home, a reasonable appraisal can be obtained through knowledgeable local agents.

The determination of value for non-liquid assets, however, is not so straightforward. For example, the value of assets like shares in a privately held company or pensions is not easily determined. Business and pension evaluators must be called in to help.

Income determination is another challenging area for non-salaried employees and the self-employed.  Income for the self-employed may be subject to manipulation and to contest. Even salaried employees with sophisticated pay structures that include commissions, bonuses, stock options and perhaps dividends may find that their real level of income is challenging to determine.

This blog is provided for your reference only and is not a substitute for the law. This article is not legal advice and should not be regarded as such.

A Brief Note on Urgent Motions prior to Case Conferences in Family Law

As a general rule, no motions are allowed in family law before a case conference is held. This rule is designed to avoid unnecessary bickering between the parties at the beginning of a case, before options for settlement are explored.

However, under the Family Law Rules, exceptions do exist. A court may hear a motion prior to the case conference in circumstances of urgency or hardship, or if a case conference is not required for some other reason in the interest of justice.

There is not much reported case law on what constitutes “urgency” for the purposes of bringing a motion before the case conference.

In Hood v. Hood,* the learned judge, in refusing to hear the motion before a case conference, commented that “an urgent motion contemplates issues such as abduction, threats of harm, dire financial circumstances” that should be addressed prior to a case conference.

Justice Wildman took a step further in Rosen v. Rosen,+ explaining other factors to be considered in determining whether a motion should be considered “urgent” for the purposes of proceeding before a case conference.

For example, the available case conference dates are important. If there are dates available in a few days, perhaps the urgency is reduced. However, if the next available date is a few months away, certain issues may become urgent and require judicial intervention through a motion.

Further, the parties are also encouraged to discuss interim options before a case conference can be held. For instance, if one party’s finances are dire, some sort of interim support might be paid on a without-prejudice basis with adjustments pending the outcome of the case conference.

Finally, the judge did state that there remain circumstances that could be so extreme that the court must intervene immediately. In deciding whether judicial intervention is warranted, the specific facts of the matter must be examined closely.

*[2001] O.J. No. 2918 (S.C.J. Family Court)

+2005 CanLII 480 (ON S.C.)

Please note that the law may have changed since the publication of this article. This blog is provided for your reference only and is not a substitute for the law. This article is not legal advice and should not be regarded as such.

A Brief Note on Supervised Access

When parents separate, the children will primarily reside with one parent. When this happens, the other parent is usually entitled to access to the children, except in extraordinary circumstances. There are two kinds of access in Ontario: supervised access and unsupervised access. Today’s blog addresses supervised access.

Supervised access is often granted by the courts. Circumstances leading to supervised access may include mental health issues, criminal history, domestic violence, and addiction on the part of the non-custodial parent.

If the parties decide that they cannot properly facilitate access on their own, rather then resorting to a court order, they may prefer to agree to supervised access in a separation agreement.

The Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General funds a supervised access program for access centres. These centres are often run by not-for-profit agencies that provide supervision for parental access in a safe, child-friendly setting. All visits and exchanges are observed and recorded. If incidents happen, the observation reports may become admissible before the court as evidence.

To apply for supervised access, a court order or a separation agreement is required (so they don’t become subsidized daycare centres). Often the access centres charge a nominal fee for their services. However, if the client cannot afford the fee, it may be waived.

Please note that the law may have changed since the publication of this article. This blog is provided for your reference only and is not a substitute for the law. This article is not legal advice and should not be regarded as such.

A Brief Note on Adoption and Its Legal Effects

Adoption in Ontario is governed by the Child and Family Services Act.* For all purposes of law, as of the date of the making of an adoption order, the adopted child becomes the child of the adoptive parent and the adoptive parent becomes the parent of the adopted child.

The adoptive parent will have the same rights and obligations as every other parent to support the child. At the same time, an adopted child ceases to be a child of the person who was the parent prior to the adoption order (except where the person is the spouse of the adoptive parent).

For example, on the one hand, becoming an adoptive parent may include a right to exercise lawful custody over the child, and to be entitled to access to the child if there is a breakdown in relationship between the parents.

On the other hand, it may attract an obligation to pay child support and to make adequate provision to the child as a dependant in one’s will.

An adoption order is final and irrevocable, subject only to appeals, and shall not be questioned or reviewed by any court.^

*R.S.O. 1990, c. C.11, as am.

^ Ibid., s. 157

Please note that the law may have been changed since the publication of this article. This blog is provided for your reference only and is not a substitute for the law. This article is not legal advice and should not be regarded as such.

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